1、名詞/代詞+現在分詞

　　現在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態等。

　　例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.

　　So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

　　His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.

　　注：“獨立結構”中的being或 having been有時可以省去，這樣就成了無動詞分句或過去分詞分句。

　　2、名詞/代詞+過去分詞

　　過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作或所處的一種狀態。

　　例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.

　　The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.

　　Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

　　后面兩個句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，這兩個句子就又變成了現在分詞分句。

　　3、名詞/代詞+不定式

　　不定式表示的是將來的動作。

　　例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

　　These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.

　　We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.

　　4、名詞/代詞+名詞

　　名詞一般做前面名詞或代詞的同位語。

　　例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

　　He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.

　　5、名詞/代詞+形容詞短語

　　形容詞（短語）說明前面名詞或代詞的性質，狀態，原因等。

　　例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.

　　I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.

　　這兩個句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就變成了現在分詞分句。

　　6、名詞/代詞+副詞

　　副詞說明前面名詞或代詞的狀態。

　　例 The meeting over, we all went home.

　　Nobody in, he left a message on the board.

　　He sat at the table, head down.

　　7、名詞/代詞+介詞短語

　　介詞短語說明伴隨前面名詞或代詞的方式或者狀態。

　　例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.

　　The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand．

　　Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.

　　8、with引導的復合結構, 也可以認為是一種獨立主格結構

　　例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.